Basic Colour Theory

Color theory encompasses a multitude of definitions, concepts and design applications - enough to fill several encyclopedias. However, there are three basic categories of color theory that are logical and useful : The color wheel, color harmony, and the context of how colors are used.
Color theories create a logical structure for color. For example, if we have an assortment of fruits and vegetables, we can organize them by color and place them on a circle that shows the colors in relation to each other.
 A color circle, based on red, yellow and blue, is traditional in the field of art. Sir Isaac Newton developed the first circular diagram of colors in 1666. Since then, scientists and artists have studied and designed numerous variations of this concept. Differences of opinion about the validity of one format over another continue to provoke debate. In reality, any color circle or color wheel which presents a logically arranged sequence of pure hues has merit.




Primary Colors: Red, yellow and blue
In traditional color theory (used in paint and pigments), primary colors are the 3 pigment colors that can not be mixed or formed by any combination of other colors. All other colors are derived from these 3 hues. 

Secondary Colors: Green, orange and purple
These are the colors formed by mixing the primary colors.

Tertiary Colors: Yellow-orange, red-orange, red-purple, blue-purple, blue-green & yellow-green
These are the colors formed by mixing a primary and a secondary color. That's why the hue is a two word name, such as blue-green, red-violet, and yellow-orange.

Analogous colors are any three colors which are side by side on a 12 part color wheel, such as yellow-green, yellow, and yellow-orange. Usually one of the three colors predominates.


Complementary colors are any two colors which are directly opposite each other, such as red and green and red-purple and yellow-green. In the illustration above, there are several variations of yellow-green in the leaves and several variations of red-purple in the orchid. These opposing colors create maximum contrast and maximum stability.

Colour Systems
There are two primary colour systems - methods by which colour is reproduced: additive and subtractive (also known as reflective). We use both on a daily basis - the screen you're reading this article on uses additive colour to generate all the colours you see, while the book you're reading uses subtractive colour for its front cover.

In simple terms - anything that emits light (such as the sun, a screen, a projector, etc) uses additive, while everything else (which instead reflects light) uses subtractive colour.
Additive

Additive colour works with anything that emits or radiates light. The mixture of different wavelengths of light creates different colours, and the more light you add, the brighter and lighter the colour becomes.

Subtractive
Subtractive colour works on the basis of reflected light. Rather than pushing more light out, the way a particular pigment reflects different wavelengths of light determines its apparent colour to the human eye.




- Development -


After scanning in my experiments I then changed the colour of this design to white so it would contrast with this indigo coloured background. I also added a texture to the background and make it have more depth. The colours I think are successful because they reflect the whole glam rock era. The circle with the patterns inside could also signify many other things such as an iris of an eye, drugs or even a human body cell.


For this design I scanned it into Illustration where I used live trace on the patterns. This changed the whole look of the patterns and dots, after then scanning it into photoshop I played around with different effects and scales until I was happy with what I had created. Although I think it makes a bold impact on the page as the white really stands out I do not like the fact that Illustrator has took away a lot of the detail using live trace.


Here I positioned two the designs within one and another creating more of a psychedelic spiral effect. The background I thought worked really well as the colours are vibrant and appropriate to the image for glam rock. The pattern I overlayed on top creates more of a optical illusion contributing to that psychedelic effect I wanted to achieve.


This development is similar to the ones about however more largely scaled. I think because the pattern is so detailed and complex having it bigger show it off a bit more, however I do prefer it at a smaller scale as it draws more attention with the empty space surrounding it. 


This I think is one of my most successful developments, the purple background is visually pleasing and contrasts with the pattern in the centre making it the main focus point of the design. I would like to see how my interim crit goes to get a good idea of what colours and scale works best.


This is a completely different look to the rest of the designs. Scaling the patterns to a much larger scale enhances how much is going on in the design. Again it could represent how an eye looks when under the influence on recreational drugs, although I do like the colour scheme on this as theres a faint gradient to red on the outer corners of the design. I think it may be too in your face and busy to get a good understanding at what its trying to represent whilst the smaller scaled patterns make more of an impact on the page.


This was a completely different experiment with colours compared to the rest of the designs. I really like how the black and white create such a bolder impact, especially with the black border around the outside. I am considering on printing this off at the correct dimensions to get a better idea if it is appropriate for my brief.


Again this is in complete contrast to the development above however I think it does not have the same effect. Visually, I do not think it is as exciting as the other designs therefore I do not want to develop it further.


- Research -


Using a small 0.2 point pen I started by drawing a perfect circle and filling it with psychedelic influenced patterns, this could represent a cell, a drug or even the iris part of ones eye. This I thought could make it look a lot more interesting and have a bolder impact on the page.


This is a smaller version of the print that I scanned in to edit further on Photoshop. I think the patterns and dots create a psychedelic feel to the circle and with the white background it makes more of an interesting impact on the page.


This is a different design I tried using the same 0.2 micropen. I tried to make the pattern look like shattered glass or a mirror, this could signify a glitter or a disco ball as the band T. Rex were iconically known for their 'glam rock' appearance, Marc Bolan the lead singer even wore glitter on his face. The dots could also signify the use of drugs within the back as they are small enough to look like powder.




Here are two close ups of the designs I have created, I think these two are the most successful due to the messages they could signify to link to the song 'Get it on'. I want to now scan them into photoshop and develop them further, even play with colour to get more of that psychedelic feel the 60's70's was iconically known for.



- Design Ideas -


I started off my sketching the first ideas that came to my head from the research I had collected. I thought an eye would be a good idea to use to represent drugs as the eyes are one of the main things that change when under the influence of drugs. Filling it with dots could represent ones consciousness with the dilated pupils, also it could represent space which would reflect their altered state of mind and their awareness with reality.


Here is a few more ideas I came up with to reflect the song and band T. Rex, using Marc Bolan's hair, or female lips or maybe even an eye. Again from my research I wanted to use the drugs that look like some form of cell which could reflect how drugs change the chemical balance within our bodies.


These are more ideas I came up with for my design. I again worked on using different patterns and dots to replicate the images I had gotten from my research to do with drugs. I decided that I wanted to try the drug like patterns on their own to see if I could make a bolder eye catching impact.



Above I tried a more neater precise sketch of a drug which I thought looked a lot more successful and helped me develop my ideas further. The lines I thought made a bolder impact especially with them being black against the contrasting white paper.


Here I tried a neater sketch of an eye with the pattern in the inside. This could represent how a persons eyes change with a drug induced altered state of mind. I preferred this neater sketch to any others but again I want to try the pattern without the eye as I don't want it to look like the TV show Big Brother. 



Here I tried a cell on its own with the dot pattern on the inside, although I do like the effect it gave as it is quite eye catching I think that it looks too much like a white blood cell and not as much like how a drug under a microscope looks like.




Blackletter


Blackletter is the earliest printed type, and is base on hand-copied texts. It is traditionally associated with medieval German and English (Old English), but has recently seen more use. Blackletter was revived as a ‘pure German’ form in Nazi Germany, and is extensively used by (particularly) Latino gangs as implying officialness or deep seriousness. Blackletter dates from around 1450.
blackletter

Oldstyle

Oldstyle has uppercase letterforms based on Roman inscriptions, and lowercase based on Italian humanist book copying. It is typified by a gradual thick-to-thin stroke, gracefully bracketed serifs, and slanted stress, as indicted by the red line through the uppercase ‘O’, and as measured through the thinnest parts of a letterform. It remains one of the most readable classes for text, due to the moderate stroke variations and good distinction between letterforms. Oldstyle dates from around 1475.
oldstyle

Italic

Usually considered a component of the roman family of a font, italic really deserves its own class. Based on Renaissance Italian Humanist handwriting, italics are casual as opposed to the more formal roman forms of a font. Italics are generally used for emphasis, captions, and the like, and not for body text. It is important to remember to use true italics as opposed to digitally generated versions. Italics for sans-serif (and occasionally other) fonts are often called obliques. Date from around 1500.
italic

Script

As mentioned above, oftentimes anything seemingly based on handwriting is lumped under script. To be more precise, script is a formal replication of calligraphy. Script may also be based on engraved forms. As type, script is unsuitable for text, but is widely used to lend a formal element to a layout. Dates from 1550.
script

Transitional

As the name implies, transitional bridges the gap between oldstyle and modern. Largely due to technological advances in casting type and printing, transitional embodies greater thick-to-thin strokes, and smaller brackets on serifs. Stress moves to be more vertical. Dates around 1750.
transitional

Modern

Furthering the trends started with transitional, modern pushes to extreme thick-to-thin strokes, and unbracketed (square) serifs. Many modern typefaces lose readability if set too tight, or at too small a size, particularly with strong vertical stress. Dates from 1775.
modern

Slab (Square) Serif

Slab or square serif was developed for heavy type in advertising. Also known as Egyptian (it appeared during the Egyptology craze in Europe), slab serif generally has little variation in stroke weight: it's generally uniformly heavy. Also with slab serif, letterforms are becoming more geometric, and less calligraphic. Dates from 1825.
slab serif

Sans Serif

Although appearing earlier, sans serif gained much popularity in the twentieth century, mainly as a move towards an international aesthetic in typography. San serif can be strictly geometric, as in Futura, or more humanist, as with Gill Sans. More recently, sans serifs with a variation in stroke weight are becoming more common (Optima, Myriad). Dates from 1900 in common use.
sans serif

Serif/sans serif

A fairly recent development are families of typefaces with both serif and sans serif fonts. These provide the designer with even more unified variation than an extensive family of serif or sans serif. Dates from 1990.


In my group I was also asked to do research into the anatomy and origins of type. I found in my research that type dates back as far as the 1400's and has had a significant transformation and interpretations over the last 600 years or so. This I thought would be extremely interesting to use on my double page spread as a timeline as it would inform and educate the audience at just how important and old type is.




To specify titles of certain creative 
works 
Such works are: books, magazines, newspapers, pamphlets/booklets, plays, 
long poems, movies, TV shows, radio shows, musical compositions, choreographic works, works of visual art, comic strips, and software programs. Make sure you italicize the entire title—if there is a question mark in the title itself, then italicize it. 

  • To specify certain vehicles - Such as ships, aircraft, spacecrafts, and trains. 
  •  To specify foreign words within English text 
  • To specify scientific names of plants and animals 
  • To specify words, letters, and numbers used as themselves - To achieve the same effect, one may also place these in quotation marks. 


"The purpose of italic typefaces is to aid the reader’s comprehension by separating off certain words and phrases from their surrounding text." - http://www.writingservices.eu/Italics-When-Use-Them.htm

More research from that page:
- The names of ships and aircraft; eg: ‘The Caribbean Cruiser sank yesterday.’ This is the oldest when-to-use-italics rule. It allows the reader to quickly grasp what is being referred to in the message.
- The titles of poems; eg: ‘As You Go Dancing by James Stewart is famous among the literati of the Arabian Gulf.’ This is another very traditional use of italics that enables quick reader-uptake.
- Foreign words; eg: ‘We turned left and found ourselves in a cul de sac.’ Another very traditional use of italics that makes for quicker reading.
- The titles of books, newspapers, articles and stories within a sentence on their own without explanation; eg: ‘The Saturday edition of the Limerick Leader was always on the streets by Friday afternoon.’
However titles that appear within larger works are not italicized but are set off in quotation marks; eg, ‘“An Irishman’s Diary” in the Irish Times is sometimes interesting.’
- Latin phrases used to classify living things; eg: ‘Many people wonder why mankind is referred to ashomo sapiens.’ Another use of italics that has been around ab aeterno.
- Where a word is used as an example rather than for its meaning; eg: ‘The word Kennedy is a proper noun.’ This is neater than setting the noun within single quotes as in: ‘The word ‘Kennedy’ is a proper noun.’
- For introducing new terms; eg: ‘In Freudian psychology reference is made to the ego, the super-ego, and the id.’ This is a neat solution for highlighting words that will probably be explained later.
- For the subjects of definitions; eg: ‘An odd number is any number that cannot be divided by two.’ This is useful for the reader as, should he or she wish to refer back to the definition later, a word in italics among a sea of roman letters is easy to find.
- For mathematical symbols: eg: ‘The standard acceleration of gravity g is 9.81183 metres per second per second.’ The symbol does not need to be surrounded by commas or single quotes which would be required if it were in roman type.
- For emphasis; eg: ‘Janice wasn’t the only girl at the party.’ The use of italics for emphasis is less intrusive than bold and more subtly suggestive.
- To indicate a character's internal reflections in stories; eg: ‘This just does not seem right, Janice thought.’ However many writers prefer other ways of expressing inner thoughts.
- Using a letter or number as a noun; eg: 'He was vexed because they had left out the d in his name.' However many writers would prefer to put a letter or number used in this way between quotes; eg, 'He was vexed because they had left out the ‘d’ in his name.’

In my group I was assigned to do research into the origins of Italics and what its actual purpose is. The research I found was very interesting as it informed me exactly when it is appropriate to use italics and when not to use them. For my double page spread I am thinking of using some vector based diagrams to show how to appropriately use italics but make it informative and interesting.


Popular Posts

Search This Blog

Blogger news